World Health Organization. Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones, 2014. https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/electromagnetic-fields-and-public-health-mobilephones. Viewed in 2022 May 2
Statista Smartphones in the US: Statistics and Facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/2711/us-smartphone-market/. Viewed in 2022 May 2
Percentage of mobile phone users using a smartphone in India as of 2014 until 2019 https://www.statista.com/statistics/257048/smartphone-user-penetration-in-india/. Viewed in 2022 May 2
World Health Organization. Public Health Consequences of Excessive Use of the Internet, Computers, Smartphones, and Similar Electronic Devices: Meeting Report, Main Meeting Room, Foundation for the Promotion of Cancer Research, National Cancer Research Center, Tokyo, Japan, 2014. August 27-29 Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/184264#sthash.iy5Vm60q.dpuf. Viewed in 2022 May 2
China Internet Network Information Center. in 2015 A survey report on online behavior of Chinese youth. http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/qsnbg/201608/P020160812393489128332.pdf. Viewed in 2022 May 2
Ng KC, Wu LH, Lam HY, Lam LK, Nip PY, Ng CM, et al. Association between mobile phone use and depressive symptoms, body pain and daytime sleepiness in Hong Kong secondary school students. Addict Behav. 2020; 101:105975.
Ahammed B, Haque R, Rahman SM, Keramat SA, Mahbub A, Ferdausi F, et al. Television viewing frequency, mobile phone ownership and risk of overweight/obesity among women of reproductive age in low- and low-middle-income countries: a pooled analysis of data from the Demographic and Health Surveys. J Biosoc Sci. 2022;16:1–14.
Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Nandavar S, Newton JDA, Demant D, Phillips JG. Problematic mobile phone use in Australia … is it getting worse? Front Psychiatry. 2019; 10:105.
Tao SM, Wu XY, Zhang YK, Zhang SC, Tong SL, Tao FB. Effects of sleep quality on the relationship between problematic mobile phone use and mental health symptoms in Chinese college students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:185.
Park SY, Yang S, Shin CS, Jang H, Park SY. Long-term mobile phone use symptoms of mobile phone addiction and depression among Korean adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:3584.
Ge RK, Zhong XM, Chen R. Effects of exercise intervention on mobile phone addiction in university students. Modern Previous Med. 2015;21:3919–21 (in Chinese).
Google Scholar
US National Library of Medicine. Health literacy. https://medlineplus.gov/healthliteracy.html. Viewed in 2022 May 2
Nutbeam D. The evolving concept of health literacy. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:2072–8.
Manganello JA. Health literacy and adolescents: A framework and agenda for future research. Health Educ Res. 2008;23:840–7.
Zhang SC, Tao FB, Wu XY, Tao SM, Fang J. Low health literacy and psychological symptoms potentially increase the risk of non-suicidal self-harm among Chinese high school students. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:327.
Chang FC, Miao NF, Lee CM, Chen PH, Chiu CH, Lee SC. Association of media exposure and media literacy with adolescent alcohol and tobacco use. J Health Psychol. 2016;21:513–25.
Yang R, Li DL, Hu J, Tian R, Wan YH, Tao FB, et al. Association between health literacy and health risk behavior subgroups among Chinese adolescents in six cities: a regression analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;30:16.
Google Scholar
Paakkari LT, Torppa MP, Paakkari OP, Välimaa RS, Ojala KSA, Tynjälä JA. Does health literacy explain the relationship between structural stratifiers and adolescent health? Eur J Pub Health. 2019;29:919–24.
Cheng HL, Harris SR, Sritharan M, Behan MJ, Medlow SD, Steinbeck KS. Pace of maturation and its relationship to adolescent health and well-being: A systematic review. Acta Paediatr. 2020; 109:900–13.
Zhen R, Liu RD, Hong W, Zhou X. How do interpersonal relationships facilitate problematic mobile phone use in adolescents? Roles of loneliness and motivation to use mobile phones. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:2286.
Rolová G, Barták M, Rogalewicz V, Gavurová B. Health literacy of people in treatment for alcohol abuse – a pilot study. Contact. 2018;20:394–400.
Shimoni L, Dayan M, Cohen K, Weinstein A. Contribution of personality factors and gender to ratings of sex addiction among men and women who use the Internet for sex. J Behav Addict. 2018;1(7):1015–21.
Fernández-Villa T, Alguacil Ojeda J, Almaraz Gómez A, Cancela Carral JM, Delgado-Rodríguez M, García-Martín M, et al. Problematic internet use among university students: associated factors and gender differences. Addictions. 2015;27:265–75.
Li L, Lok GKI, Mei SL, Cui XL, Li L, Ng CH, et al. Severity of mobile phone addiction and its relationship with quality of life in Chinese university students. PeerJ. 2020;8:e8859.
Zhang SC, Wan YH, Tao SM, Chen J, Tao FB. Reliability and construct validity of the Chinese Adolescent Interactive Health Literacy Questionnaire. Chin J Sch Health. 2014;35:332–6 (in Chinese).
Zhang SC, Yang R, Li DL, Wan YH, Tao FB, Fang J. Association of health literacy and sleep problems with mental health of Chinese students in a combined secondary school. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0217685.
Tao SM, F JL, Wang H, Hao JH, Tao FB. Development of a Self-Assessment Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use and Psychometric Evaluation of Students. Chin. J Sch Health. 2013;34:26–9 (in Chinese).
Google Scholar
Li DL, Yang R, Wan YH, Tao FB, Fang J, Zhang SC. Interaction between health literacy and problematic mobile phone use and their influence on non-suicidal injury among Chinese adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:2366–78.
Fischer-Grote L, Kothgassner OD, Felnhofer A. Risk factors for problematic smartphone use in children and adolescents: a review of the existing literature. Neuropsychiatrist. 2019;33:179–90.
Lee C, Lee SJ. Prevalence and predictors of smartphone addiction in Korean adolescents. Child Youth ServRev. 2017;77:10–7.
Kwak JY, Kim JY, Yoon YW. Effects of parental neglect on adolescent smartphone addiction in South Korea. Child Abuse Negl. 2018;77:75–84.
Mollborn S, Lawrence E. Family, peer, and school influences on children’s developing healthy lifestyles. J Health Soc Behav. 2018;59:133–50.
Reiter AMF, Suzuki S, O’Doherty JP, Li SC, Eppinger B. Risk exposure to peers influences adolescent learning and decision making. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2019;148:1494–504.
Kuss DJ, Kanjo E, Crook-Rumsey M, Kibowski F, Wang GY, Sumich A. Problematic cell phone use and addiction across generations: the role of psychopathological symptoms and smartphone use. J Technol Behav Sci. 2018;3:141–9.
Ihm J. Social consequences of smartphone addiction in children: The role of support networks and social engagement. J Behav Addict. 2018;7:473–81.
Sánchez-Martínez M, Otero A. Factors related to the use of mobile phones in adolescents in the community of Madrid (Spain). CyberPsychol Behav. 2009;12:131–7.
Chen MJ, Ni CH, Hu YH, Wang ML, Liu L, Ji XM, et al. A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of team-based learning in medical education in China. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18:77.
Brazil EGM, Silva RMD, Silva MRFD, Rodrigues DP, Queiroz MVO. Adolescent health promotion and the school health program: The complexities of the articulation of health and education. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2017;51:e03276.
Google Scholar
Mazhari S. Association between problematic internet use and impulse control disorders among Iranian university students. Network of Cyberpsychol Behav Soc. 2012;15:270–3.
Wang Q, Liu Y, Wang B, An Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, et al. Problematic Internet use and subjective sleep quality among Chinese college students: results of a pilot study. J Am Coll Heal. 2022;70:552–60.
Billieux J, Gay P, Rochat L, Linden MWD. The role of urgency and underlying psychological mechanisms in problem behavior. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48:1085–96.
Jeong SH, Kim H, Yum JY, Hwang Y. What content are smartphone users addicted to? SNS vs games Comput Hum Behav. 2006;54:10–7.
Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8:e83558.
Hill DC, Moss RH, Sykes-Muskett B, Conner M, O’Connor DB. Stress and eating behavior in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite. 2018;123:14–22.
Alkhateeb A, Alboali R, Alharbi W, Saleh O. Smartphone addiction and its complications related to health and daily activities in Saudi university students: a multicenter study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9:3220–4.
Warzecha K, Pawlak A. Pathological use of mobile phones in high school students. Arch Psychiatry Psychother. 2017;1:27–36.
Bem D, Connor C, Palmer C, Channa S, Birchwood M. Prevalence and preventive interventions for non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior in primary school-aged children: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e017291.